01199nas a2200253 4500008003900000245007500039210006900114260001200183300001400195490000600209520041200215653002400627653002100651653001600672653002800688653002000716100002200736700002500758700001800783700002600801700001800827700002400845856007600869 2013 d00aNear-Infrared Spectrally Selective Plasmonic Electrochromic Thin Films0 aNearInfrared Spectrally Selective Plasmonic Electrochromic Thin  c03/2013 a215 - 2200 v13 a

A plasmonic electrochromic effect in which electrochemical doping reversibly modulates near-infrared surface plasmon absorption of aluminium-doped zinc oxide and tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals is reported. Optical performance, switching kinetics, and cycling durability point to high-performance NIR selective plasmonic electrochromic coatings based on earth-abundant materials.

10aaluminum zinc oxide10aindium tin oxide10ananocrystal10aspectroelectrochemistry10asurface plasmon1 aGarcia, Guillermo1 aBuonsanti, Raffaella1 aLlordes, Anna1 aRunnerstrom, Evan, L.1 aBergerud, Amy1 aMilliron, Delia, J. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/near-infrared-spectrally-selective02791nas a2200289 4500008003900000022001300039245010400052210006900156260001200225300001400237490000700251520187700258653002002135653002802155653001802183653002402201653002002225100002302245700001902268700002202287700002802309700002202337700002102359700002702380700002402407856007002431 2013 d a0360132300aRegional performance targets for transparent near-infrared switching electrochromic window glazings0 aRegional performance targets for transparent nearinfrared switch c03/2013 a160 - 1680 v613 a

With building heating and cooling accounting for nearly 14% of the national energy consumption, emerging technologies that improve building envelope performance have significant potential to reduce building energy consumption. Actual savings from these technologies will depend heavily upon their performance in diverse climate and operational conditions. In many cases, early-stage research can benefit from detailed investigation in order to develop performance thresholds and identify target markets. One example, a dynamic, highly transparent, near-infrared switching electrochromic (NEC) window glazing, is the focus of this investigation. Like conventional electrochromics, the NEC glazing can dynamically tune its optical properties with a small applied voltage. Consequently, the glazing can block or transmit solar heat to reduce cooling or heating loads, respectively. Unlike conventional electrochromics, NEC glazings remain transparent to visible light, causing no adverse effect to daylighting or building aesthetics. This study utilizes the software COMFEN to simulate a broad range of NEC performance levels, for commercial and residential buildings in 16 climate-representative reference cities. These simulations are the basis for identifying performance levels necessary to compete with existing static technologies. These results indicate that energy savings are strongly influenced by blocking-state performance. Additionally, residential applications have lower performance requirements due to their characteristic internal heat gains. Finally, the most dynamic NEC performance level is simulated in competition with high performing static alternatives. Here heating and cooling energy savings range from 5 to 11 kWh/m2 yr for commercial and 8–15 kWh/m2 yr for residential, in many regions on the order of 10%.

10aDynamic windows10aElectrochromic glazings10aNIR-switching10aPerformance targets10aSolar heat gain1 aDeForest, Nicholas1 aShehabi, Arman1 aGarcia, Guillermo1 aGreenblatt, Jeffery, B.1 aMasanet, Eric, R.1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aMilliron, Delia, J. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/regional-performance-targets02476nas a2200325 4500008003900000245007600039210006900115260001200184300001200196490000700208520149100215653001701706653001601723653004601739653002201785653001001807653003301817653001301850653001201863100001901875700002301894700001901917700002201936700002801958700002101986700002102007700002102028700002402049856007702073 2013 d00aU.S. energy savings potential from dynamic daylighting control glazings0 aUS energy savings potential from dynamic daylighting control gla c11/2013 a415-4230 v663 a

Daylighting controls have the potential to reduce the substantial amount of electricity consumed for lighting in commercial buildings. Material science research is now pursuing the development of a dynamic prismatic optical element (dPOE) window coating that can continuously readjust incoming light to maximize the performance and energy savings available from daylighting controls. This study estimates the technical potential for energy savings available from vertical daylighting strategies and explores additional savings that may be available if current dPOE research culminates in a successful market-ready product. Radiance daylight simulations are conducted with a multi-shape prismatic window coating. Simulated lighting energy savings are then applied to perimeter floorspace estimates generated from U.S. commercial building stock data. Results indicate that fully functional dPOE coatings, when paired with conventional vertical daylight strategies, have the potential to reduce energy use associated with U.S. commercial electric lighting demand by as much as 930 TBtu. This reduction in electric lighting demand represents an approximately 85% increase in the energy savings estimated from implementing conventional vertical daylight strategies alone. Results presented in this study provide insight into energy and cost performance targets for dPOE coatings, which can help accelerate the development process and establish a successful new daylighting technology.

10aClerestories10adaylighting10aDynamic prismatic optical elements (dPOE)10aenergy efficiency10aGlare10aindoor environmental quality10aradiance10awindows1 aShehabi, Arman1 aDeForest, Nicholas1 aMcNeil, Andrew1 aMasanet, Eric, R.1 aGreenblatt, Jeffery, B.1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aMasson, Georgeta1 aHelms, Brett, A.1 aMilliron, Delia, J. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/us-energy-savings-potential-dynamic02762nas a2200205 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260001200201520206000213100002102273700002402294700002802318700002102346700002402367700002102391700002102412700001902433700002702452856007702479 2012 eng d00aElectro-Responsive Polymer Glazings For Smart Windows With Dynamic Daylighting Control0 aElectroResponsive Polymer Glazings For Smart Windows With Dynami c02/20123 a

In the context of alarming phenomenon of global warming with harmful consequences such as increased green house gases beyond predictions, the development of advanced energy efficient technologies became of a primary importance. Since the building sector accounts for 39% of total US primary energy consumption, fenestration can significantly contribute to lowering the energy use for heating, cooling, and lighting. An estimated 9% reduction in total US building energy use, or 3.47 Q, could be attained by dynamic solar/thermal control and daylighting if these advanced optical technologies were adopted throughout the residential and commercial building sectors. In spite of the great research and engineering efforts in the fast growing area of smart windows, development of glazing devices able to provide efficient, durable, and inexpensive products for dynamic daylight control is in infancy. Like the electrochromic glazings now emerging on the market, microscale, switchable daylight-redirecting glazings have the potential for widespread application if a low-cost, durable coating can be engineered and manufactured with the proper set of attributes.

Here we report on the development of a new technology using smart materials for switchable daylight-redirecting glazings. The proposed system consists in a prismatic optical element (POE) fabricated by micro-imprinting of an elastic redox-active polymer network capable to change its geometry and thereby its optical properties in response to an external stimulus. It is expected that the prismatic optical element reversibly collapses in response to an applied potential, thereby modulating the fraction of light which is redirected. The fabrication of the dynamic prismatic optical element from simulation-driven design to materials synthesis and device integration will be described. Investigation of specto-electrochemical characteristics of the redox-active grating and challenges encountered with respect to electromechanical induced structural changes will be also presented.

1 aMasson, Georgeta1 aMendlesberg, Rueben1 aFernandez-Cuesta, Irene1 aCabrini, Stefano1 aMilliron, Delia, J.1 aHelms, Brett, A.1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aMcNeil, Andrew1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/electro-responsive-polymer-glazings01830nas a2200181 4500008003900000245010000039210006900139300001800208490000700226520121300233100002801446700002201474700001701496700001601513700002401529700001901553856007601572 2011 d00aAchieving high mobility ZnO:Al at very high growth rates by dc filtered cathodic arc deposition0 aAchieving high mobility ZnOAl at very high growth rates by dc fi a232003-2320070 v443 a

Achieving a high growth rate is paramount for making large-area transparent conducting oxide coatings at a low cost. Unfortunately, the quality of thin films grown by most techniques degrades as the growth rate increases. Filtered dc cathodic arc is a lesser known technique which produces a stream of highly ionized plasma, in stark contrast to the neutral atoms produced by standard sputter sources. Ions bring a large amount of potential energy to the growing surface which is in the form of heat, not momentum. By minimizing the distance from cathode to substrate, the high ion flux gives a very high effective growth temperature near the film surface without causing damage from bombardment. The high surface temperature is a direct consequence of the high growth rate and allows for high-quality crystal growth. Using this technique, 500–1300 nm thick and highly transparent ZnO : Al films were grown on glass at rates exceeding 250 nm min−1 while maintaining resistivity below 5 × 10−4 Ω cm with electron mobility as high as 60 cm2 V−1 s−1.

1 aMendelsberg, Rueben, J.1 aLim, Sunnie, H.N.1 aZhu, Yuankun1 aWallig, Joe1 aMilliron, Delia, J.1 aAnders, André uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/achieving-high-mobility-znoal-very01433nas a2200289 4500008003900000022001400039245009300053210006900146260001200215300001600227490000700243520053600250653001100786653002100797653001600818653002800834653002000862100002200882700002500904700002600929700002800955700001800983700001901001700002701020700002401047856007201071 2011 d a1530-698400aDynamically Modulating the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals0 aDynamically Modulating the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Doped Se c10/2011 a4415 - 44200 v113 a

Localized surface plasmon absorption features arise at high doping levels in semiconductor nanocrystals, appearing in the near-infrared range. Here we show that the surface plasmons of tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystal films can be dynamically and reversibly tuned by postsynthetic electrochemical modulation of the electron concentration. Without ion intercalation and the associated material degradation, we induce a > 1200 nm shift in the plasmon wavelength and a factor of nearly three change in the carrier density.

10adoping10aindium tin oxide10ananocrystal10aspectroelectrochemistry10asurface plasmon1 aGarcia, Guillermo1 aBuonsanti, Raffaella1 aRunnerstrom, Evan, L.1 aMendelsberg, Rueben, J.1 aLlordes, Anna1 aAnders, André1 aRichardson, Thomas, J.1 aMilliron, Delia, J. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/dynamically-modulating-surface