01789nas a2200217 4500008003900000245015800039210006900197260006500266520094400331100002101275700002401296700002201320700001901342700002201361700002401383700002101407700002701428700002301455700001601478856007701494 2013 d00aA Post-Occupancy Monitored Evaluation of the Dimmable Lighting, Automated Shading, and Underfloor Air Distribution System in The New York Times Building0 aPostOccupancy Monitored Evaluation of the Dimmable Lighting Auto aBerkeley, CAbLawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryc01/20133 a

With aggressive goals to reduce national energy use and carbon emissions, the US Department of Energy will be looking to exemplary buildings that have already invested in new approaches to achieving the energy performance goals now needed at a national level. The New York Times Building, in New York, New York, incorporates a number of innovative technologies, systems and processes and could become a model for widespread replication in new and existing buildings. Post-occupancy data are invaluable in establishing confidence in innovation. A year-long monitored study was conducted to verify energy performance, assess occupant comfort and satisfaction with the indoor environment, and evaluate impacts on maintenance and operations. Lessons learned were derived from the analysis; these lessons could help identify and shape policy, financial, or supporting strategies to accelerate diffusion in the commercial building market.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aFernandes, Luis, L.1 aCoffey, Brian, E.1 aMcNeil, Andrew1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aWebster, Thomas, L.1 aBauman, Fred, S.1 aDickerhoff, Darryl, J.1 aHeinzerling, David1 aHoyt, Tyler uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/post-occupancy-monitored-evaluation01207nas a2200121 4500008003900000245004800039210004600087260001200133490001500145520082500160100002200985856007801007 2012 d00aDiscomfort Glare: What Do We Actually Know?0 aDiscomfort Glare What Do We Actually Know c05/20120 vApril 20123 a

Glare models were reviewed with an eye for missing conditions or inconsistencies. We found ambiguities as to when to use small source versus large source models, and as to what constitutes a glare source in a complex scene. We also found surprisingly little information validating the assumed independence of the factors driving glare.

A barrier to progress in glare research is the lack of a standardized dependent measure of glare. We inverted the glare models to predict luminance, and compared model predictions against the 1949 Luckiesh & Guth data that form the basis of many of them. The models perform surprisingly poorly, particularly with regards to the luminance-size relationship and additivity. Evaluating glare in complex scenes may require fundamental changes to form of the glare models.

1 aClear, Robert, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/discomfort-glare-what-do-we-actually01474nas a2200157 4500008004100000050001500041245014400056210006900200260001100269490000600280520089100286100002001177700002101197700002201218856007601240 2011 eng d aLBNL-4417E00aVisual Comfort Analysis of Innovative Interior and Exterior Shading Systems for Commercial Buildings using High Resolution Luminance Images0 aVisual Comfort Analysis of Innovative Interior and Exterior Shad c1/20110 v73 a

The objective of this study was to explore how calibrated high dynamic range (HDR) images (luminance maps) acquired in real world daylit environments can be used to characterize, evaluate, and compare visual comfort conditions of innovative facade shading and light-redirecting systems. Detailed (1536 x 1536 pixel) luminance maps were time-lapse acquired from two view positions in an unoccupied full scale testbed facility. These maps were analyzed using existing visual comfort metrics to quantify how innovative interior and exterior shading systems compare to conventional systems under real sun and sky conditions over a solstice-to-solstice test interval. The results provide a case study in the challenges and potential of methods of visualizing, evaluating and summarizing daily and seasonal variation of visual comfort conditions computed from large sets of image data.

1 aKonis, Kyle, S.1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aClear, Robert, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/visual-comfort-analysis-innovative01629nas a2200109 4500008003900000245018200039210006900221260002200290520110900312100002201421856007601443 2010 d00aPost-Occupancy Evaluation of The New York Times Headquarters Building: an Examination of Causes for Occupant Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with the Energy-Efficiency Measures0 aPostOccupancy Evaluation of The New York Times Headquarters Buil aBerkeleyc10/20103 a

A post-occupancy evaluation (POE) survey was issued by The New York Times (NYT) to their employees with the assistance of Sustainable Energy Partnerships (SEP). SEP conducted a detailed analysis of the survey data (September 29, 2010 draft) and found that a significant fraction of the building occupants were satisfied to very satisfied with the overall building. Compared to other buildings, the overall level of satisfaction was greater than the norm of surveyed buildings.

This additional analysis was conducted to identify potential causes of the occupants' satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the innovative lighting, shading, and space- conditioning systems themselves and/or the resultant indoor environment produced by these systems. The analysis used various methods to identify statistically significant factors, where the factors were those given in the survey questionnaire. Additional factors or causes of satisfaction and dissatisfaction were identified through analysis of the detailed comments: this was done for the questions related to the lighting section of the survey.

1 aClear, Robert, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/post-occupancy-evaluation-new-york02555nas a2200205 4500008003900000245009100039210006900130260001200199300001200211490000800223520188300231100002102114700002902135700002202164700002202186700002002208700002102228700002202249856007802271 2009 d00aField Measurements of Innovative Indoor Shading Systems in a Full-Scale Office Testbed0 aField Measurements of Innovative Indoor Shading Systems in a Ful c10/2009 a706-7280 v1153 a

The development of spectrally selective low-e glass with its superior solar control and high daylight admission has led to widespread use of large-area, "transparent" or visually clear glass windows in commercial building facades. This type of façade can provide significant inherent daylighting potential (ability to offset lighting energy use) and move us closer to the goal of achieving zero energy buildings, if not for the unmitigated glare that results from the unshaded glazing. Conventional shading systems result in a significant loss of daylight and view. Can innovative shading solutions successfully balance the tradeoffs between daylight, solar heat gains, discomfort glare, and view?

To investigate this issue, a six-month solstice-to-solstice field study was conducted in a sunny climate to measure the thermal and daylighting performance of a south-facing, full- scale, office testbed with large-area windows and a variety of innovative indoor shading systems. Indoor shading systems included manually-operated and automated roller shades, Venetian blinds, daylight-redirecting blinds, and a static translucent diffusing panel placed inboard of the window glazing. These innovative systems were compared to a reference shade lowered to block direct sun.

With continuous dimming controls, all shading systems yielded lighting energy savings between 43-69% compared to a non-dimming case, but only the automated systems were able to meet visual comfort criteria throughout the entire monitored period. Cooling loads due to solar and thermal loads from the window were increased by 2-10% while peak cooling loads were decreased by up to 14%. The results from this experiment illustrate that some indoor shading systems can preserve daylight potential while meeting comfort requirements. Trends will differ significantly depending on application.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aKonis, Kyle, S.1 aYazdanian, Mehry1 aPark, Byoung-Chul uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/field-measurements-innovative-indoor05111nas a2200217 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001200184520439000196100002104586700002704607700002904634700002204663700002204685700002004707700002604727700002104753700002004774700002504794856007404819 2009 eng d00aHigh Performance Building Facade Solutions: PIER Final Project Report0 aHigh Performance Building Facade Solutions PIER Final Project Re c12/20093 a

Building façades directly influence heating and cooling loads and indirectly influence lighting loads when daylighting is considered, and are therefore a major determinant of annual energy use and peak electric demand. façades also significantly influence occupant comfort and satisfaction, making the design optimization challenge more complex than many other building systems.

This work focused on addressing significant near-term opportunities to reduce energy use in California commercial building stock by a) targeting voluntary, design-based opportunities derived from the use of better design guidelines and tools, and b) developing and de ploying more efficient glazings, shading systems, daylighting systems, façade systems and integrated controls.

This two-year project, supported by the California Energy Commission PIER program and the US Department of Energy, initiated a collaborative effort between The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and major stakeholders in the façades industry to develop, evaluate, and accelerate market deployment of emerging, high-performance, integrated façade solutions. The LBNL Windows Testbed Facility acted as the primary cata lyst and mediator on both sides of the building industry supply-user business transaction by a) aiding component suppliers to create and optimize cost effective, integrated systems that work, and b) demonstrating and verifying to the owner, designer, and specifier community that these integrated systems reliably deliver required energy performance. An industry consortium was initiated amongst approximately seventy disparate stakeholders, who unlike the HVAC or lighting industry, has no single representative, multi-disciplinary body or organized means of communicating and collaborating. The consortium provided guidance on the project and more importantly, began to mutually work out and agree on the goals, criteria, and pathways needed to attain the ambitious net zero energy goals defined by California and the US.

A collaborative test, monitoring, and reporting protocol was also formulated via the Windows Testbed Facility in collaboration with industry partners, transitioning industry to focus on the import ance of expecting measured performance to consistently achieve design performance expectations. The facility enables accurate quantification of energy use, peak demand, and occupant comfort impacts of synergistic façade-lighting-HVAC systems on an apples-to-apples comparative basis and its data can be used to verify results from simulations.

Emerging interior and exterior shading technologies were investigated as potential near-term, low-cost solutions with potential broad applicability in both new and retrofit construction. Commercially-available and prototype technologies were developed, tested, and evaluated. Full-scale, monitored field tests were conducted over solstice-to-solstice periods to thoroughly evaluate the technologies, uncover potential risks associated with an unknown, and quantify performance benefits. Exterior shading systems were found to yield net zero energy levels of performance in a sunny climate and significant reductions in summer peak demand. Automated interior shading systems were found to yield significant daylighting and comfort-related benefits.

In support of an integrated design process, a PC-based commercial fenestration (COMFEN) software package, based on EnergyPlus, was developed that enables architects and engineers to x quickly assess and compare the performance of innovative façade technologies in the early sketch or schematic design phase. This tool is publicly available for free and will continue to improve in terms of features and accuracy. Other work was conducted to develop simulation tools to model the performance of any arbitrary complex fenestration system such as common Venetian blinds, fabric roller shades as well as more exotic innovative façade systems such as optical louver systems.

The principle mode of technology transfer was to address the key market barriers associated with lack of information and facile simulation tools for early decisionmaking. The third party data generated by the field tests and simulation data provided by the COMFEN tool enables utilities to now move forward toward incentivizing these technologies in the marketplace.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aKonis, Kyle, S.1 aHitchcock, Robert, J.1 aYazdanian, Mehry1 aMitchell, Robin1 aKonstantoglou, Maria uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/high-performance-building-facade02357nas a2200193 4500008003900000245006700039210006600106260006100172520166400233100002101897700002701918700002901945700002201974700002201996700002002018700002502038700002202063856007802085 2009 d00aInnovative Façade Systems for Low-energy Commercial Buildings0 aInnovative Façade Systems for Lowenergy Commercial Buildings aBerkeleybLawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryc11/20093 a

Glazing and façade systems have very large impacts on all aspects of commercial building performance. They directly influence peak heating and cooling loads, and indirectly influence lighting loads when daylighting is considered. In addition to being a major determinant of annual energy use, they can have significant impacts on peak cooling system sizing, electric load shape, and peak electric demand. Because they are prominent architectural and design elements and because they influence occupant preference, satisfaction and comfort, the design optimization challenge is more complex than with many other building systems.

Façade designs that deliberately recognize the fundamental synergistic relationships between the façade, lighting, and mechanical systems have the potential to deliver high performance over the life of the building. These "integrated" façade systems represent a key opportunity for commercial buildings to significantly reduce energy and demand, helping to move us toward our goal of net zero energy buildings by 2030.

Provision of information — technology concepts, measured data, case study information, simulation tools, etc. — can enable architects and engineers to define integrated façade solutions and draw from a wide variety of innovative technologies to achieve ambitious energy efficiency goals.

This research is directed toward providing such information and is the result of an on‐going collaborative research and development (R&D) program, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aKonis, Kyle, S.1 aKonstantoglou, Maria1 aPerepelitza, Mark uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/innovative-fa-ade-systems-low-energy01390nas a2200145 4500008003900000245011900039210006900158260002200227520083400249100002101083700002201104700002201126700002401148856007201172 2007 d00aCommissioning and verification procedures for the automated roller shade system at The New York Times Headquarters0 aCommissioning and verification procedures for the automated roll aBerkeleyc05/20073 a

This document describes the procedures for verification testing of a newly installed automated roller shade system. The automated roller shade system has been designed to control direct sun and window glare while admitting daylight and permitting view out. Procedures in this document focus on verifying that the glare control aspect of this commercially-available system works prior to building occupancy. A high dynamic range luminance measurement tool, developed for this project, is used to verify that the average window luminance is within acceptable limits. Additional spreadsheet and visualization tools are described. The commissioning agent (CxA) and The New York Times will use these procedures during the commissioning phase of the building to verify that the automated control system is operating as intended.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aWard, Gregory, J.1 aFernandes, Luis, L. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/commissioning-and-verification04075nas a2200265 4500008003900000245014000039210006900179260002200248520314300270653003503413653002803448653001603476653002003492653002203512653001903534100002103553700002203574700002203596700002403618700002003642700002203662700002803684700002703712856007003739 2007 d00aDaylighting the New York Times Headquarters Building: Final Report: Commissioning Daylighting Systems and Estimation of Demand Response0 aDaylighting the New York Times Headquarters Building Final Repor aBerkeleyc08/20073 a

The technical energy-savings potential for smart integrated window-daylighting systems is excellent and can yield significant reductions in US commercial building energy use if adopted by a significant percentage of the market. However, conventional automated shades and daylighting controls have been commercially available for over two decades with less than 1-2% market penetration in the US. As with many innovations, the problem with accelerating market adoption is one of demonstrating real performance and decreasing risk and cost. The New York Times considered use of such daylighting systems for their new 139,426 m2 (1.5 Mft2) headquarters building in downtown Manhattan.

In the initial phase of work, The New York Times employed a unique approach to create a competitive marketplace for daylighting systems and to address their concerns about risk by building a full-scale daylighting mockup and evaluating commercially-available products. This field test formed the strategic cornerstone for accelerating an industry response to the building owners' challenge to a sleepy market. A procurement specification was produced and bids were received that met The Times cost-effective criteria. The Times decided to proceed with using these innovative systems in their new building.

This next phase of work consisted of two distinct tasks: 1) to develop and use commissioning tools and procedures to insure that the automated shade and daylighting control systems operate as intended prior to occupancy; and 2) to estimate the peak demand savings resulting from different levels of demand response (DR) control strategies (from moderate to severe load curtailment) and then determine the financial implications given various DR programs offered by the local utility and New York Independent System Operator in the area.

Commissioning daylighting control systems is mandatory to insure that design intent is met, that the systems are tuned to optimal performance, and to eliminate problems and errors before occupants move in. Commissioning tools were developed and procedures were defined and then used to verify that the daylighting systems operated according to the technical specifications. For both lighting control and shading systems, the Times and the manufacturers were able to resolve most of the bugs and fine-tune the systems prior to occupancy.

The demand response (DR) strategies at the New York Times building involve unique state-of-the-art systems with dimmable ballasts, movable shades on the glass facade, and underfloor air HVAC. The process to develop the demand response strategies, the results of the EnergyPlus model, the activities to implement the DR strategies in the controls design at the New York Times Headquarters building and the evaluation of economics of participating in DR programs are presented and discussed. The DR simulation iv efforts for this building design are novel, with an innovative building owner evaluating DR and future DR program participation strategies during the design and construction phase using advanced simulation tools.

10aautomated daylighting controls10aautomated window shades10adaylighting10ademand response10aenergy-efficiency10avisual comfort1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aHughes, Glenn, D.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aFernandes, Luis, L.1 aKiliccote, Sila1 aPiette, Mary, Ann1 aRubinstein, Francis, M.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/daylighting-new-york-times-001398nas a2200145 4500008003900000245013800039210006900177260002200246520081800268100002101086700002201107700002201129700002401151856007701175 2007 d00aQuick Start Guide: Commissioning and verification procedures for the automated roller shade system at The New York Times Headquarters0 aQuick Start Guide Commissioning and verification procedures for  aBerkeleyc05/20073 a

This quick start guide summarizes the steps required to verify the performance of a newly installed automated roller shade system. The automated roller shade system at The New York Times Headquarters has been designed to control direct sun and window glare while admitting daylight and permitting view out. Procedures in this guide focus on verifying that the glare control aspect of this commerciallyavailable system works prior to building occupancy. A high dynamic range luminance measurement tool, developed for this project, is used to verify that the average window luminance is within acceptable limits. The commissioning agent (CxA) and The New York Times will use these procedures during the commissioning phase of the building to verify that the automated control system is operating as intended.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aWard, Gregory, J.1 aFernandes, Luis, L. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/quick-start-guide-commissioning-and01663nas a2200325 4500008004100000024002100041245004200062210004200104260001200146520070300158653002500861653001300886653002500899653002700924653002200951653001800973653001600991653002301007653001901030100002101049700002701070700002201097700002901119700002201148700002401170700002201194700002401216700002101240856007601261 2006 eng d aCEC-500-2006-05200aAdvancement of Electrochromic Windows0 aAdvancement of Electrochromic Windows c04/20063 a

This guide provides consumer-oriented information about switchable electrochromic (EC) windows. Electrochromic windows change tint with a small applied voltage, providing building owners and occupants with the option to have clear or tinted windows at any time, irrespective of whether it's sunny or cloudy. EC windows can be manually or automatically controlled based on daylight, solar heat gain, glare, view, energy-efficiency, peak electricity demand response, or other criteria. Window controls can be integrated with other building systems, such as lighting and heating/cooling mechanical systems, to optimize interior environmental conditions, occupant comfort, and energy-efficiency.

10acommercial buildings10adaylight10adaylighting controls10aElectrochromic windows10aenergy efficiency10ahuman factors10apeak demand10aswitchable windows10avisual comfort1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aFernandes, Luis, L.1 aWard, Gregory, J.1 aInkarojrit, Vorapat1 aYazdanian, Mehry uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/advancement-electrochromic-windows02135nas a2200205 4500008004100000050001500041245005900056210005600115520147900171100002101650700002701671700002201698700002901720700002201749700002401771700002201795700002401817700002101841856006701862 2006 eng d aLBNL-5995000aA Design Guide for Early-Market Electrochromic Windows0 aDesign Guide for EarlyMarket Electrochromic Windows3 a

Switchable variable-tint electrochromic windows preserve the view out while modulating transmitted light, glare, and solar heat gains and can reduce energy use and peak demand. To provide designers objective information on the risks and benefits of this technology, this study offers data from simulations, laboratory tests, and a 2.5-year field test of prototype large-area electrochromic windows evaluated under outdoor sun and sky conditions. The study characterized the prototypes in terms of transmittance range, coloring uniformity, switching speed, and control accuracy. It also integrated the windows with a daylighting control system and then used sensors and algorithms to balance energy efficiency and visual comfort, demonstrating the importance of intelligent design and control strategies to provide the best performance. Compared to an efficient low-e window with the same daylighting control system, the electrochromic window showed annual peak cooling load reductions from control of solar heat gains of 19-26% and lighting energy use savings of 48-67% when controlled for visual comfort. Subjects strongly preferred the electrochromic window over the reference window, with preferences related to perceived reductions in glare, reflections on the computer monitor, and window luminance. The EC windows provide provided the benefit of greater access to view year-round. Though not definitive, findings can be of great value to building professionals.

1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aKlems, Joseph, H.1 aFernandes, Luis, L.1 aWard, Gregory, J.1 aInkarojrit, Vorapat1 aYazdanian, Mehry uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/design-guide-early-market01267nas a2200205 4500008004100000245004700041210004700088260001200135300001200147490000700159520066600166653002700832653001500859653002400874653002300898100002200921700002400943700002100967856007300988 2006 eng d00aSubject Response to Electrochromic Windows0 aSubject Response to Electrochromic Windows c07/2006 a758-7790 v383 a

Forty-three subjects worked in a private office with switchable electrochromic windows, manually-operated Venetian blinds, and dimmable fluorescent lights. The electrochromic window had a visible transmittance range of approximately 3-60%. Analysis of subject responses and physical data collected during the work sessions showed that the electrochromic windows reduced the incidence of glare compared to working under a fixed transmittance (60%) condition. Subjects used the Venetian blinds less often and preferred the variable transmittance condition, but used slightly more electric lighting with it than they did when window transmittance was fixed.

10aElectrochromic windows10aenergy use10aSubjective response10aVenetian blind use1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aInkarojrit, Vorapat1 aLee, Eleanor, S. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/subject-response-electrochromic01043nas a2200109 4500008003900000245008900039210006900128260002200197520062000219100002200839856007200861 2006 d00aSummary results of visual comfort measurements at the electrochromic windows testbed0 aSummary results of visual comfort measurements at the electrochr aBerkeleyc03/20063 a

The study was performed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) windows testbed in Berkeley California. The location is 37.4°N latitude. The maximum solar altitude ranges from approximately 29° to 76°, with a yearly average of about 53°. The testbed rooms have their windows mounted due south. The azimuthal angle at sunrise varies from approximately 60° from due south in the winter to 120° in summer. The analysis was restricted to the period from 6:00-18:00 standard time. Sunrise ranges from 4:42 to 7:17 (solar time), so the sun was not visible during part of the winter study periods.

1 aClear, Robert, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/summary-results-visual-comfort02657nas a2200265 4500008003900000245007100039210006900110260001200179520181700191653003502008653002802043653001602071653002202087653001902109100002102128700002702149700002202176700002202198700002202220700002202242700001402264700002102278700002402299856006802323 2005 d00aDaylighting the New York Times Headquarters Building: Final Report0 aDaylighting the New York Times Headquarters Building Final Repor c06/20053 a

The technical energy-savings potential for smart integrated window-daylighting systems is excellent and can yield significant reductions in US commercial building energy use if adopted by a significant percentage of the market. However, conventional automated shades and daylighting controls have been commercially available for over two decades with less than 1-2% market penetration in the US. As with all innovations, the problem with accelerating market adoption is one of decreasing risk. As the building owner researches technology options, the usual questions surface that concern the purchase of any new product: how will it work for my application, are the vendor claims valid, what risks are incurred, and will the performance benefits be sustained over the life of the installation? In their effort to create an environment that "enhances the way we work" in their new 139 km2 (1.5 Mft2) headquarters building in downtown Manhattan, The New York Times employed a unique approach to create a competitive marketplace for daylighting systems. A monitored field test formed the strategic cornerstone for accelerating an industry response to the building owners' challenge to a sleepy market (i.e., US automated shading and daylighting control products have had few major technical advances over the past 10 years). Energy, control system, and environmental quality performance of commercially-available automated roller shade and daylighting control systems were evaluated. Procurement specifications were produced. Bids were received that met The Times cost-effective criteria. The Times will proceed with the use of these systems in their final building. Competitively-priced new products have been developed as a result of this research and are now available on the market.

10aautomated daylighting controls10aautomated window shades10adaylighting10aenergy-efficiency10avisual comfort1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aHughes, Glenn, D.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aWard, Gregory, J.1 aMardaljevic, John1 aLai, Judy1 aInanici, Mehlika1 aInkarojrit, Vorapat uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/daylighting-new-york-times01246nas a2200169 4500008004100000050001500041245006200056210006100118260002500179520069000204100001900894700002000913700002700933700002500960700002200985856006901007 2004 eng d aLBNL-5551700aDevelopment of Trade-Off Equations for EnergyStar Windows0 aDevelopment of TradeOff Equations for EnergyStar Windows aBoulder, COc08/20043 a

The authors explore the feasibility of adding a performance option to DOE's EnergyStar© Windows program whereby windows of differing U-factors and SHGCs can qualify so long as they have equivalent annual energy performance. An iterative simulation procedure is used to calculate trade-off equations giving the change in SHGC needed to compensate for a change in U-factor. Of the four EnergyStar© Window climate zones, trade-off equations are possible only in the Northern and Southern zones. In the North/Central and South/Central zones, equations are not possible either because of large intrazone climate variations or the current SHGC requirements are already near optimum.

1 aHuang, Yu, Joe1 aMitchell, Robin1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E.1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aClear, Robert, D. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/development-trade-equations01238nas a2200169 4500008004100000050001500041245008000056210006900136260002700205520065300232100002500885700001900910700002000929700002200949700002200971856007500993 1999 eng d aLBNL-4402000aA Database of Window Annual Energy Use in Typical North American Residences0 aDatabase of Window Annual Energy Use in Typical North American R aDallas, Texasc02/20003 a

This paper documents efforts by the National Fenestration Rating Council to develop a database on annual energy impacts of windows in a typical new, single family, single story residence in various U.S. and Canadian climates. The result is a database of space heating and space cooling energies for 14 typical windows in 52 North American climates. (Future efforts will address the effects of skylights.) This paper describes how this database was created, documents the assumptions used in creating this database, elaborates on assumptions, which need further research, examines the results, and describes the possible uses of the database.

1 aArasteh, Dariush, K.1 aHuang, Yu, Joe1 aMitchell, Robin1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aKohler, Christian uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/database-window-annual-energy-use01544nas a2200241 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260001200212300001200224490000700236520078600243653001301029653001201042653002501054653001601079653001301095100002101108700002101129700002201150700002901172700002701201856007401228 1998 eng d00aOffice Worker Response to an Automated Venetian Blind and Electric Lighting System: A Pilot Study0 aOffice Worker Response to an Automated Venetian Blind and Electr c10/1998 a205-2180 v283 a

A prototype integrated, dynamic building envelope and lighting system designed to optimize daylight admission and solar heat gain rejection on a real-time basis in a commercial office building is evaluated. Office worker response to the system and occupant-based modifications to the control system are investigated to determine if the design and operation of the prototype system can be improved. Key findings from the study are: (1) the prototype integrated envelope and lighting system is ready for field testing, (2) most office workers (N=14) were satisfied with the system, and (3) there were few complaints. Additional studies are needed to explain how illuminance distribution, lighting quality, and room design can affect workplane illuminance preferences.

10abehavior10aComfort10acommercial buildings10adaylighting10aenvelope1 aVine, Edward, L.1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aClear, Robert, D.1 aDiBartolomeo, Dennis, L.1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://facades.lbl.gov/publications/office-worker-response-automated